Business models
Vertical integration
Owning several steps of the supply chain, from making the product to selling it to the end customer.
A vertically integrated company does itself what others buy from suppliers or leave to retailers: it may design, manufacture, distribute and sell in its own shops.
This gives control over quality, prices and customer data, but it also means more assets, more staff and more fixed costs when demand drops.
General explanation for education only, not investment advice. Company-specific definitions can differ; each breakdown uses the company’s own.